Correctional Nurse . Net

Lorry Schoenly, PhD, RN, CCHP

4 Myths About Hangings in Jails and Prisons

The prison intercom crackles with the news of an emergency on Pod 7. Arriving with the emergency bag in tow, the nurse finds a crime scene in full swing. An inmate is hanging from a makeshift bed linen noose creatively tied around the upper bunk slats.

The actions taken in the first few minutes after a discovered hanging can be the difference between a hospital transfer and an in-custody death.  Hanging is the most common form of successful suicide in corrections.

Correctional nurses are confronted with situations unusual in other care settings. Be sure to prepare yourself by eliminating these common jail and prison nursing myths from your practice.

Myth #1: It won’t happen here – this is a small jail.

Although it might appear that most hangings happen in large urban jails, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) Special Report on Suicide in State Prisons and Local Jails reports that the country’s smallest jails had suicide rates 5 times higher than the largest jails. Jails holding fewer than 50 inmates accounted for 14% of all jail suicides. With smaller staffs and fewer resources, small jails need to remain vigilant to the potential for hangings. Detailed policies and procedures on prevention and post-hanging interventions should be in place. Emergency procedures for a hanging situation should be periodically practices and involve both custody and medical unit staff.

Myth #2: It won’t happen here – We have great suicide screenings and watch suicidal inmates closely.

Improved suicide prevention and management processes have definitely reduced hanging suicides in the correctional setting over the last two decades. As outlined in a prior column I wrote for CorrectionsOne, incarcerated suicide rates in both jails and prisons have declined sharply; with jail suicides still over 3 times the rate of state prisons. Suicidal inmates are creative and will use any resource available to craft a noose and the leverage to asphyxiate by hanging body weight. Screenings can help weed out obvious potential for self-injury, but require a good mechanism for protecting those who do not pass the screen. A strong communication process with mental health services is needed to complete the protective program. All staff must be vigilant for indications of self-harm. Suicide attempts can take place later in the incarceration period triggered by court hearings, family issues such as divorce proceedings or custody issues, and classification changes such as administrative segregation placement. Do you have a process that allows for re-evaluation following such events.

Myth #3: Hangings are lethal. If found strung up and lifeless, no need to intervene.

The major factors leading to a hanging fatality is height of the drop during hanging and the suspension of the body (full or partial). Most hangings in corrections take place in the housing area (primarily the inmate cell) which leaves little chance for a full body suspension and great height. This results in good chances of survival with early intervention. One  study concluded that even if the victim is found to be lifeless, aggressive intervention with CPR and emergency medical transport is warranted. Another study found overall mortality associated with hanging was 33%. Those who survived to admission to the hospital had a relatively low rate of severe functional disability. Initiate medical intervention immediately when a hanging is found.

A significant percentage of hanging victims will have spinal fracture, therefore spine immobilization and jaw thrust maneuvers should be taken into account at the scene. In order to accomplish this, easy access to a rescue tool, such as this seatbelt release device, is needed to quickly lower the person to the floor for emergency resuscitation intervention.

Myth #4: Every hanging is a crime scene. The inmate can’t be cut down until the location is photographed and evidence accumulated.

There have been reports of medical staff being delayed from attending to a hanging victim while crime scene investigation takes place. Minutes are precious in emergency treatment and can make a difference in ultimate survival. Cut down the victim and initiate emergency medical intervention as soon as the scene has been secured. Saving a person’s life trumps all need for determining criminality. Nurses must advocate for immediate patient treatment in this situation. Even better, pre-empt an emergency situation like this by reviewing a hanging medical intervention process with custody administration before a hanging event.

What has been your experience with post-hanging treatment. Share in the comment box below.

 

Photo Credit: © LituFalco – Fotolia.com

November 3, 2011 Posted by | Ethical Issues, Inmate Issues, Nursing Practice | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 8 Comments

The Murky Past of Medical Research in Prisons

My clinical experience in a variety of settings always involved participation and application of clinical research. When I entered the correctional setting in the early 2000’s I was surprised at how closed the specialty was to research. Many departments of corrections have a hard and fast rule – no research involving inmates, no exceptions. With modern safeguards of participant informed consent and Institutional Review Board oversight, this stance seemed unreasonable.

While investigating the history of medical research in prisons for a writing project, I was stunned to find the extent of past abuse of inmates for medical research purposes that did not benefit the inmates involved. It helped me better understand the current chilly climate toward medical research in jails and prisons. The Belmont Report, a 1978 document dealing with human subjects research , sums up the issues nicely by stating “on the one hand, it would seem that the principle of respect for persons requires that prisoners not be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer for research… on the other hand, under prison conditions they may be subtly coerced or unduly influenced to engage in research activities for which they would not otherwise volunteer.”

Human studies research regulation grew from the public awareness and concern over such unethical practices as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study where rural black men were allowed to progress through the stages of syphilis while thinking they were receiving free treatment. During this same time period, prison inmates were lured into participation in medical research by financial reward and hopes of better living conditions or favorable treatment. Most infamous was the Holmesburg Prison medical research performed by doctors from the University of Pennsylvania.

 

Photo credit: Unknown from NY Times Article Inmates in Holmesburg Prison, Philadelphia participating in skin testing research.

 

 

Enticing a vulnerable and underprivileged population, such as prison inmates, to take part in medical research is understandably unethical. The ‘no research in prison’ response to the abuse, however, limits inmate participation in clinical trials that may potentially and directly benefit them. I am thinking, in particular of cancer treatments, which are sometimes still in experimental stages and therefore only available to those who participate in trials.

Should inmates be able to participate in clinical trials which could directly benefit them? I say yes, they should. What do you think?

Photo credit: Marvin Koner from British Medical Journal Article  Prisoners line up for skin research

September 8, 2011 Posted by | Ethical Issues | , , , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment

Professional boundaries in corrections: How to set and keep them

ACA session told boundaries allow COs to screen input from the world and know what input to ward against

By Erin Hicks
CorrectionsOne Associate Editor(Reprinted with permission)KISSIMMEE, Fla. — You probably set boundaries in your personal life, but did you know how important boundaries are in a corrections setting?

Mark Fleming, Ph.D., Director of Behavioral Health, Correctional Medical Services told session attendees at the American Correctional Association’s (ACA) conference in Kissimmee, Fla., how important it is to understand the psychological components of why employees cross professional boundaries, and how to screen potential officers to make sure they possess the skill set to keep inmates at a professional distance.

“It is part of our job to decide how our employees are and whether or not they are a good fit for corrections,” he said. “We don’t want to set people up to fail. We want to make sure we’re putting the right person in the right position.”

Boundaries allow us to screen input from the world, to know what input to let in, and what input to protect ourselves against, Fleming said.

The need for setting boundaries is especially important in a corrections setting because of the innate power imbalance. Not only is there a power imbalance between employees and staff, but there is also a power hierarchy among inmates, and of course, between any correctional staff member and the inmate.

“You have power and authority over offenders,” Fleming said. “When you choose not to own your power, that’s when boundaries get crossed and problems occur.”

Read the full article on CorrectiosOne.com

 

Photo Credit: © photoart – Fotolia.com

August 19, 2011 Posted by | Ethical Issues | , , , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment

Confidentiality, HIPAA and the Correctional Nurse

An RN calls the hospital for discharge information on a patient transported back to the prison infirmary from the local hospital after his jaw was wired following an inmate brawl in the exercise yard. The emergency room nurse refused to provide any information stating it would be a violation of HIPAA. She instructs the prison RN  to obtain any information she needs from the patient himself.

An NP is reprimanded for telling a housing officer that one of the inmates is a severe diabetic and needs his evening snack on time.

 

Confidentiality of patient health information has always been a concern for nursing. Valuing patient privacy is an ethical imperative, even in the correctional setting. In recent years the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has moved healthcare information confidentiality to a legal concern for nurses. In particular, HIPAA regulations ensure that private health information is not released to any third party without the patient’s permission .

Disclosure of medical information may be necessary for the health and safety of both the patient and the large patient community within a security facility. Officers may need to know about medical conditions or disabilities that require special equipment or scheduled appointments. Some medication side effects require additional attention or changes in work duty. Joint surgery may limit movements or abilities that security needs to be aware of. Foruntately HIPAA regulations take into account the need for some information sharing within the correctional setting and have spelled this out is the 45 C.F.R. 164.512 (k) (5) (i) section of the code.

HIPAA Permitted Disclosure to Correctional Institutions

If the correctional institution represents that such protected health information is necessary for:

  • The provision of health care to such individuals
  • The health and safety of such individuals or other inmates
  • The health and safety of the officers or employees of or others at the correctional institution
  • The health and safety of such individuals and officers or other persons responsible for the transporting of inmates or their transfer from one institution, facility, or setting to another
  • Law enforcement on the premises of the correctional institution
  • The administration and maintenance of the safety , security, and good order of the correctional institution

According to this section of HIPAA regulations, an ER nurse can confidently share health information with the receiving nurse in the prison infirmary and a nurse practitioner can alert an officer to a health need of an inmate in his charge.

 

Many in corrections are confused about how to implement HIPAA regulations and the boundaries of patient privacy and confidentiality of medical information. Share your experiences in the comments section.

Photo Credit: © mirabile – Fotolia.com

August 4, 2011 Posted by | Ethical Issues, Legal | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 2 Comments

A Salute to Our Veterans: Even Those Behind Bars

Several times a year Americans pause to thank our soldiers for defending our freedom and protecting us from harm. We acknowledge the sacrifices made by American soldiers to keep us free this Independence Day.  Many of those same soldiers who put themselves in harm’s way are now our patients in jails and prisons across this country. I was surprised to discover the extent of veterans behind bars. A Special Report by the Bureau of Justice lists around 140,000 veterans in our nation’s prisons in 2004. Are any of them your patients? 1 in 10 prison inmates is a veteran, so it is very likely that some of your patients have military history. A significant proportion of inmate patients have served in the armed forces and participated in defending our freedom.

Veteran inmates are higher educated than nonveterans and have shorter criminal histories. One in 5 had actual combat duty. Some of the findings of the report bust typical conclusions we might have about soldiers. For example, veteran inmates are not more likely to abuse alcohol or have mental health conditions than their nonveteran peers. In addition, they are slightly less likely to be using drugs at the time of arrest.  These numbers do not vary based on whether they had combat or noncombat duty while serving our country.

What does all this mean for correctional nurses? We care for inmate patients because of their basic human dignity and do not differentiate based on type of crime or our subjective determination of goodness of character. Therefore, veteran or not, we provide nursing care to the best of our ability with the resources at our disposal. However, on this day of gratitude for those who help keep us free, maybe that inmate in pill line or sick call is someone who served…..and they deserve our gratitude, as well as our best nursing care.

Photo Credit: © cornel2911 – Fotolia.com

July 4, 2011 Posted by | Ethical Issues, Nursing Practice | , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment

Featured Video: Hospice Nursing at Iowa State Penitentiary

This video clip is from a documentary being filmed by my friend Edgar Barens. Hospice nursing in correctional facilities is a compassionate field of nursing made visible and given voice by this work. Consider supporting this fine work.

 

Prison Terminal: They’re Warriors from Edgar Barens on Vimeo.

Do you work in a hospice setting or know someone who does? Tell us your story.

June 3, 2011 Posted by | Ethical Issues, Featured Videos | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment

Failure to Rescue and Nursing Vigilance in Corrections

 Failure to Rescue has emerged as an issue in the patient safety movement and is now being addressed as it applies to correctional nursing. I wrote about it last fall and have continued to consider how this concept impacts practice in our specialty. This morning I attended a session in the Updates in Correctional Healthcare presented by Sue Smith, MSN, RN, CCHP-RN, whom I interviewed last year on Correctional Nursing Today. Sue presented a case study based on an actual situation involving an inmate who frequently complained of chest pain without an actual medical event. After multiple episodes he again complained of chest pain. The nurse was busy and said she would assess him after completing the intakes that were at hand. We all know the ending to this story – the patient was really having an MI this time and expired before the nurse arrived to assess and render care. Correctional nursing practice seems a specialty particularly vulnerable to this phenomenon.

Failure to rescue is defined as the inability to save a patient’s life when the patient is experiencing a life threatening event.  Although it originally began as a general term, it now has focused on nursing care as nurses are usually the vigilant individual at the bedside monitoring patients or, as in the case of corrections, the first and main staff member to see and evaluate an inmate-patient. Failure to rescue often involves a patient under care for a noncritical medical condition who began to show signs of an impending issue. The nurses failed to connect the dots or report the condition up the chain of command. The following factors have been found to contribute to rescue failure:

  • Staffing issues: Not enough staff to allow the nurse to focus on monitoring symptoms rather than just tasks
  • Levels of licensures: Expecting higher level functioning from staff members with limited scopes of practice such as LPN or LVN staff
  • Levels of Experience: Inexperienced nurses who are refining their skills may overlook issues and symptoms. Ability to analyze patterns and symptoms to respond appropriately. However, there can be a downside to experience as it can lead to tunnel vision and mental short-cuts. We can see this in correctional practice as we deal frequently with inmates who may be manipulating the system for secondary gain.
  • Task orientation: Overly concerned with getting tasks done make staff too busy to notice.

Nursing requires engaged analysis and trending of information to make meaning of assessment and response data presented to us by our patients.

Another issue leading to failure to rescue is the communication system among care providers including the nurse/physician relationship. I talked about communication in an earlier post. If nurses are hesitant about contacting the physician provider or nurse practitioner, the.y may not respond to subtle changes in a patient’s status

Security concerns can restrict your access to the supplies you need to initiate action. This can discourage action when so many tasks are at hand that much be done.

The frequency of emergency assessments can reduce vigilance. If nurses are interrupted constantly in duty performance, patient error can result.

Our inmate patients lend toward failure to rescue – they can be hard to care about, manipulative, have hidden agendas and potential for violence. To what degree does this affect our ability to provide vigilant nursing care? An interesting question to ponder.

This was an intriguing presentation. Do you think failure to rescue is a concern in corrections?

Photo Credit: © James Thew – Fotolia.com

May 23, 2011 Posted by | Ethical Issues, Nursing Practice | , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 1 Comment

Unhealthy Inmate Relationships: 5 Danger Signs

This article was originally published by CorrectionsOne.com

Prison and jail medical units are over-represented by female staff, creating a number of challenges to avoiding inappropriate inmate relationships. It is a common saying that the inmates go to medical to ‘enjoy the view’, and in one prison system in which I, we explicitly stated to all orientees that “You cannot have sex with an inmate.” As crass as that sounds, it was necessary to make it crystal clear that a sexual relationship with an inmate, no matter if it was consensual or not, was illegal in that state and would be prosecuted. In that same system former nursing staff were doing time for this very transgression.

Corrections professionals rarely start their careers expecting or desiring an intimate relationship with an inmate. So how does it happen? Here are some signs to watch for – not only for yourself, but for your team mates.

Sign #1: Personal life in disarray
When things are falling apart in your personal life you become emotionally vulnerable to an inmate relationship. Family conflict, divorce, discovery of infidelity or even children behaving badly can open you to an inmate relationship.

Counteractions:

• Be on guard when your personal life is in upheaval
• Ask a trusted peer to help you stay in line by privately confronting you when wander out of bounds

Sign #2: Doing little favors
Having day-to-day contact with any individual makes it easy to begin identifying with their beliefs and sympathizing with their plight. We all struggle maintain a balance between the need to avoid identifying with our inmate charges and the need to maintain an awareness of their humanity.

Manipulative inmates will study your attitudes and actions, using them to their own benefit. If an inmate convinces you to do even a small favor, you have started down the path of obligation. Feelings of obligation are universally human, but obligation to inmates is the enemy of a secure workplace.

Counteractions:

• Don’t do even the smallest ‘favor’ for an inmate if it is against regulation
• Create clear boundaries in your relationships with inmates — firmness, fairness and consistent words, actions, and interactions protect you and others.

Sign #3: Looking for opportunities for contact
Do you find yourself looking for opportunities to be with a specific inmate? Watch carefully for this. This may be a subtle beginning to an unhealthy relationship.

Counteractions:

• If you find yourself attracted to a particular inmate, ask for a re-assignment immediately
• When the inmate comes to mind, immediately change your mental channel –think about something positive and motivational, and change your location or activity to help in re-orienting your thoughts
• If you see this sign in another officer, have a serious talk about it in private

Sign #4: Correspondence with an inmate
Often, the first step to a more intimate relationship with an inmate involves written communication. A note, letter or email moves the relationship one step further down the road to ruin. Even when not sexually explicit, written communication has been used as evidence of an improper relationship with an inmate.

Counteractions:

• Avoid ALL written communication involving inmates — this includes mailing letters and passing notes from one inmate to another
• Do not tolerate these actions from another officer — call them on it personally and suggest they turn themselves in

Sign #5: Falling off the cliff
Yep, this is the Full Monty – personal and physical contact. The thing is done. At this point many procedures have been violated, rules breached and laws broken. This point is only reached after many of the above sign posts have been passed. But it is still not too late to turn back.

Counteractions:

• If you know of a staff member in this situation, do something about it
• First, confront the colleague and suggest they turn themselves in — management and the courts are often more lenient with repentant transgressors
• If this is you, notify the inmate and turn yourself in — suggest the inmate do the same
• If you know about this activity and the fellow officer refuses to report themselves, you must do it for them — you protect your team, the officer, yourself, and the inmates by doing so
• Get help! Consider all your options including counseling, and legal or employee assistance.
• Seek a unit or facility transfer and take any accumulated time off to contemplate your future.

Take action now!
If you see yourself or a fellow staff member in any of the above descriptions, take action. Protect yourself and your peers. Unhealthy inmate relationships jeopardize not only the individual but also the security of other staff members. You are doing yourself and others a favor by intervening before it is too late.

What have we forgotten? Leave your strategies for avoiding inmate relationships in the comments section below.

Photo Credit – © Olga Lipatova – Fotolia.com

February 17, 2011 Posted by | Ethical Issues, Inmate Issues | , , , , , , , , , , , , | 2 Comments

Sex Offender Rehabilitation

This video describes the sex offender treatment program in Washington State. 95% of sex offenders are eventually released back into the community. There are several current treatment models in use as described by this Canadian source. Treatment is needed to reduce recidivism, but sex offenders are usually the most vulnerable to inmate on inmate violence and entering a program could elevate visibility in the inmate population. Although sex offender treatment is controversial, according to Washington State Corrections, those who complete a program are twice as likely not to re-offend. What do you think? Are sex offenders part of your inmate population? What have been your experiences? Share your thoughts in the comments section of this post.

December 22, 2010 Posted by | Ethical Issues, Featured Videos | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment

Medical Compassionate Release Debate

 

A short video showing various sides of the issue of compassionate release of medically disabled inmates in the California Prison System. Do you think inmates with severe disease should be moved to community facilities for care? Post your thoughts in the comments section.

November 17, 2010 Posted by | Ethical Issues, Featured Videos | , , , , | 5 Comments