Who Are Incarcerated Women?
Most incarcerated women are of reproductive age, facing unique health challenges related to this stage of life. Within this population, women from Black, Hispanic, and Indigenous communities are disproportionately represented, reflecting broader social and systemic inequities. Many of these women were caregivers for children or family members prior to incarceration, adding to the emotional and social impact of their imprisonment.
A significant number of incarcerated women have experienced extensive trauma, poverty, and substance use. In fact, over 70% report a history of physical or sexual abuse, which deeply affects their physical and mental health needs while in custody.
Common Health Concerns of Incarcerated Women
Incarcerated women often contend with a range of complex health issues. Mental health disorders and substance use disorders are highly prevalent, requiring integrated and trauma-informed care approaches. Reproductive health needs, such as menstrual care and pregnancy management, are critical considerations, given the reproductive age of most women in custody.
Additionally, many face chronic illnesses like hypertension and diabetes, which need consistent monitoring and treatment. Infectious disease, including HIV, hepatitis, and sexually transmitted infections, are also more common in this population, necessitating comprehensive screening and prevention efforts within correctional healthcare systems.
Impact of Incarceration on Women’s Health
Incarceration often disrupts women’s access to community-based healthcare services, leading to delays in preventive screenings and prenatal care that are crucial for maintaining health. The experience of incarceration itself can be deeply traumatic, frequently worsening existing mental health conditions or contributing to new psychological distress. Additionally, many women face the heartbreaking loss of child custody or diminished family support during their time in custody, compounding emotional and social challenges. Within correctional facilities, women are also more vulnerable to victimization, which can further jeopardize their physical and mental well-being.
Social Determinants of Health
It’s important to recognize that incarceration does not occur in isolation from broader social factors. Many incarcerated women come from backgrounds marked by poverty, housing instability, and systemic racism that create ongoing barriers to health and well-being. Low educational attainment and limited employment opportunities further compound these challenges, creating a cycle of disadvantage that correctional healthcare must address as part of holistic care.
Role of the Correctional Nurse
Correctional nurses serve a vital role as the first point of healthcare contact when women enter the system. They are responsible for screening, assessing, and triaging patients with sensitivity to gender-specific needs. Nurses must advocate for trauma-informed care approaches that acknowledge the histories and vulnerabilities of incarcerated women. Ensuring continuity of care upon reentry into the community is also essential to prevent health deterioration. Above all, correctional nurses are champions of health equity, working within restrictive environments to promote dignity, respect, and quality care for all women in custody.
Please share your experiences working with women in corrections below.
Our next post in this Incarcerated Women’s series is Women, Incarceration and Trauma.